Materi Direct And Indirect Speech

Materi Direct dan Indirect Speech merupakan materi bahasa Inggris yang banyak diajarkan di setiap jenjang , baik SMP, SMA, maupun Kuliah.

Pada kesempatan kali ini, saya akan memberikan penjelasan mengenai materi Direct and Indirect Speech kepada pengunjung sekalian. Semoga bermanfaat, terimakasih.

DIRECT and INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech adalah kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan. Sedangkan indirect speech adalah bentuk kalimat laporan yang berguna untuk menceritakan kembali pembicaraan/pendapat seseorang yang mana mengalami perubahan tertentu.

Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata ganti orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).

Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (")

·         She asked me, “Why you broke her glass”

·         He said, “Go away at Once”

Sedangkan Reported Speech adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech.

·         She asked me, “Why you broke her glass”

·         He said, “Go away at Once”

1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat

Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.

Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."	He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
02	He asked me, "why do you come late."	He asked me why I came late.
03	He orderd me, "don't bring a bag."	He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.

Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	They asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?"	They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
02	He asked me, "Does she want to mary me?"	He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He asked me, "why do you come late?"	He asked me why you came late.
02	He asked me, "what does she eat?"	He asked me what she ate.
03	He asked me, "when did you come?"	He asked me when I came.
04	He asked me, "who are you?"	He asked me who I was.
05	He asked me, "who is she?"	He asked me who she was.

2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)

Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.

Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Simple Present	Simple Past
02	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
03	Present Future	Past Future
04	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
05	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
06	Simple Past	Past Perfect
07	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
02	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
03	Am/is/are	Was/were
04	Do/does	Did
05	Do/does not	Did not
06	Did not	Had not + V3
07	Was/were	Had been
08	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
09	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

3. Perubahan Pronoun

Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).

• Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘I am busy.’	He said that he was busy.
02	She said, ‘I am unwell.’	She said that she was unwell.
03	I said, ‘I will be late.’	I said that I would be late.
04	They said, ‘We will not permit this.’	They said that they would not permit that.
05	We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’	We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

• Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’	He told me that I had to go with him.
02	She said to me, ‘You can go.’	She told me that I could go.
03	She said to him, ‘You can go.’	She told him that he could go.

• Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘She is a good girl.’	He said that she was a good girl.
02	She said, ‘They have invited us.’	She said that they had invited them.
03	They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’	They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.

4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)

Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini. 

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Now	Then
02	To day	That day
03	Tomorrow	The next day The day after The following day A day later
04	Next ...	The ... after The following ...
05	Last ...	The ... before The Previous ...
06	... ago	... before ... earlier
07	Yesterday	The day before The previous day The preceeding day
08	The day before yesterday	Two day before
09	Here	There
10	This	That
11	These	Those

Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas. 

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
(+)	He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here”	He said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
(-)	He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag”	He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?”	He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?	He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
(!)	He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!”	He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.
(!)	He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”	He ordered me not to bring my bag there.

SUMBER TULISAN

Buku Paket Bahasa Inggris 

http://ericrahmana.blogspot.com/2013/03/softkils-binggris-direct-and-indirect.html

Underworld Awakening, Synopsis

This latest addition to the 'Underworld' series opens six months after the events of the second movie, Underworld: Evolution. The vampire Selene is captured by humans during "The Purge," a massive crusade of war to exterminate vampires and lycans after mankind learns of their existence. Humans call Lycans "Non-Humans" and Vampires are called "The infected."

12 years later, it is revealed that human governments all over the world had committed genocides to vampires and lycans, killing everything. Surviving populations were reduced to being scavengers and guerrillas. 90% of the vampire race was annihilated. Selene is freed from cryogenic suspension and escapes the medical corporation Antigen. The corporation is trying to make an antidote for the virus that creates vampires and lycans. Selene starts to have strange visions after her escape, which she follows, believing them to be linked to her lover, the vampire-lycan hybrid Michael Corvin. The visions lead her into a building where she runs into David, a fellow vampire.

While talking to David, Selene has another vision. Following the vision, she discovers not Michael, but a young girl called only "Subject 2," also known as Eve. Later revealed to be a hybrid and Selene and Michael's daughter. David, noting that Eve (Subject 2) has been injured by the lycans and is somehow not healing, takes them to his coven. David's father, Thomas, does not welcome Selene and Eve, stunning Selene with the news that Michael died twelve years ago and that Selene was the cause for the destruction of the vampire race. Upon being given some vampire blood, Eve heals extremely quickly.

Dr. Jacob Lane, director of Antigen, is revealed to be a lycan alongside his son, Quint. The "antidote" the corporation has been working on for many years is actually to make lycans immune to the deadly effects of silver and to enhance their physical abilities. Eve's hybrid genetic code is required to achieve this, so Lane sends Quint with other lycans to the vampire coven to recapture her.

Meanwhile, expecting a human attacks at any moment, David tries to rally the vampires resistances to fight back, while his father orders everyone to evacuate and hide. Most of the vampires stay, and arm themselves heavily. Unexpectedly, lycans arrived in large numbers instead, and numerous vampires are slaughtered, a huge blow to the coven. Selene encounters a gigantic "super lycan", who is later revealed to be Quint, his body changed by injections using Eve's blood. Selene is knocked unconscious under a pile of rubble, Eve is turned over to the lycans by Thomas in exchange for their departure, and David is mortally wounded during the battle. Selene decides to save Eve but first revives David using her immortal blood, given to her by Alexander Corvinus in Evolution.

Able to survive in sunlight, Selene enlists the help of Detective Sebastian, a human who tried to investigate Antigen earlier in the film. Sebastian agrees to help save Eve, admitting he was married to a nurse who was bitten at work and became a vampire, until she was killed by authorities during the Purge; they forced her to out into the day, into direct daylight, and she was burned to death.

Selene destroys part of Antigen's headquarters using explosives and silver gas, forcing Dr. Lane to move Eve out of the building to perform an operation to create more of the antidote. Selene escapes from the lycans in the building. (Antigen is nearly entirely staffed by lycans) In the process, she finds Michael cryogenically frozen in a laboratory. She shoots his cell to let him out. Escaping in a van, Dr. Lane is intercepted by Sebastian and then by Selene, who causes the van to crash. Quint arrives, transforms into his super lycan form, and fights Selene.

Eve awakens on her stretcher, frees herself from the van, and engages Dr. Lane in a fight, who has injected himself with the super lycan formula used on Quint. Sebastian and the revived David aid Eve in her fight until she kills Dr. Lane by ripping his throat out.

Meanwhile, Quint corners Selene in a small cement guardroom but is forced to revert to his human form to get to her, only for Selene to shove an activated silver-based grenade into Quint's body. He heals instantly, trapping the grenade inside. Panicking, he half-changes back to lycan form, but it is too late, and he explodes.

Selene goes to find Michael but finds an empty cryogenic cell with Eve sharing his vision and learns he is on the roof. Selene, Eve, and David run to the roof only to find Michael has gone. Selene narrates, concluding that she will find Michael and take back the world from the humans and lycans, so the vampires can rebuild themselves as the humans declared war.

Teori Motivasi - Pengantar Manajemen

LATAR BELAKANG MOTIVASI

                Dalam tulisan saya kali ini akan dibahas berbagai permasalahan mengenai pengarahan dan pengembangan organisasi, termasuk didalamnya bagaimana menggerakkan anggota perusahaan untuk melaksanakan tugas dan kewajibannya, bagaimana memotivasi para anggota perusahaan, serta bagaimana mengadakan perubahan dan pengembangan organisasi, dan mengatasi segala konflik yang terdapat di dalamnya.

                Kemampuan seorang manajer dalam memotivasi bawahannya akan mempengaruhi efektifitas manajer, bawahan, dan perusahaannya. Manajer yang dapat melihat motivasi sebagai suatu sistem akan mampu meramalkan perilaku dan kinerja bawahannya.

PENGERTIAN MOTIVASI

                Ada dua faktor yang dapat menentukan tingkat prestasi seseorang, yaitu kemampuan individu dan pemahaman tentang perilaku untuk mencapai prestasi yang maksimal. Biasa disebut persepsi peranan. Dimana antara motivasi, kemampuan dan persepsi peranan merupakan suatu kemampuan untuk saling berinteraksi.

                Motivasi dapat disebut juga dengan istilah kebutuhan (need), desakan (urge),keinginan (wish), dan dorongan (drive), yang semuanya itu memiliki artian yang sama sebagai suatu keadaan dalam pribadi seseorang yang mendorong untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan, guna mencapai keinginan atau tujuan. Dorongan ini biasa diwujudkan dalam bentuk perilaku.

FUNGSI DAN TUJUAN MOTIVASI

                Tujuan tujuan dari motivasi adalah :

1.       Mendorong timbulnya kelakuan atau suatu perbuatan. Tanpa motivasi tidak akan timbul perbuatan seperti bekerja.

2.       Bebagai pengarah, artinya mengarahkan perbuatan kepada pencapaian tujuan yang diinginkan.

3.       Besar kecilnya motivasi akan menentukan cepat atau lambatnya suatu pekerjaan.

Tujuan dari motivasi ialah sarana untuk mencapai suatu tujuan tertentu. Bagi seorang manajer, tujuan dari motivasi adalah dapat menggerakan atau memacu anggotanya agar timbul keinginan dan kemauan untuk meningkatkan semangat kerja sehingga tercapai tujuan dan kesuksesan dari perusahaannya. Suatu tindakan memotivasi akan lebih berhasil jika tujuannya jelas dan disadari oleh pihak yang diberikan motivasi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhannya.

JENIS JENIS MOTIVASI

1.       Positiv

Mencoba mempengaruhi orang lain untuk menjalankan sesuatu dengan pemberian upah.

2.       Negativ

Mempengaruhi orang lalin dengan cara di takut-takuti.

TEORI MOTIVASI ( CONTENT THEORY )

1.       Teori Hierarki Kebutuhan

Teori ini, yang menurut Abraham Maslow ada di dalam setiap manusia, yaitu :

a.       Fisiologis.

b.      Perlindungan dan keselamatan sosial.

c.       Kasih sayang.

d.      Penghargaan.

e.      Rasa hormat (respect).

f.        Aktualisasi diri, dorongan untuk menjadi apa yang dia inginkan.

2.       Teori Frederic Higiene

Teori dua faktor tentang motivasi, yaitu faktor yang membuat seseorang tidak puas dan faktor yang disebut pemuas / motivator itu prestasi, pengakuan, tanggung jawab, kemajuan pekerjaan itu sendiri.

3.       Teori Harapan

Teori ini beragumen bahwa melakukan melakukan suatu tindakan bergantung pada kekuatan harapan, dan teori ini mengharapkan seseorang karyawan dapat termotivasi untuk menjalankan kinerja yang baik.

4.       Teori Keadilan

Teori ini berasumsi bahwa karyawan dimotivasi oleh keinginan untuk diperlakukan secara adil dalam pekerjaannya.

BENTUK BENTUK MOTIVASI

1.       Kompensasi dalam bentuk uang.

2.       Pengarahan dan pengendalian.

3.       Penetapan pola pekerjaan yang aktif.

4.       Kebajikan.

LANGKAH LANGKAH MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI

1.       Memberikan training kepada karyawan.

2.       Memberikan reward bagi karyawan yang berprestasi.

3.       Melakukan pendekatan untuk mengoptimalkan kinerja karyawan.

4.       Mengadakan kegiatan khusus untuk membangun rasa kekeluargaan dalam organisasi

HASIL MOTIVASI

                Pentingnya motivasi dalam berorganisasi, membuat banyak perusahaan yang berusaha mendatangkan para motivator-motivator atau juga buku-buku yang tentunya memberi semangat kepada para anggotanya untuk bekerja lebih keras lagi agar tujuan dari organisasi tersebut tercapai.

SUMBER TULISAN

T. Hani Handoko, Manajemen (2), BPFE UGM Yogya, 1986, Hal 251

http://kamriantiramli.wordpress.com/2011/05/27/fungsi-dan-tujuan-motivasi

http://pinstarsss.blogspot.com/

http://sahri-rahman.blogspot.com/2011/12/pentingnya-motivasi.html